FROM INDUSTRIAL TO LEGAL STANDARDIZATION【2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载】

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Introduction1

1 Standard Contract Terms in National and International Business5

1.1. From Weapons to Contracts: Standardisation Takes5Command5

1.2. Contract Terms and Conditions in Individual Countries11

1.2.1. The Beginnings of Standardisation in Technology and Law（ca.1770—1830）11

1.2.2. Intensification of the Mass Phenomenon（ca.1830—1870）14

1.2.3. Institutionalisation and State Control（ca.1870—1914）26

1.3. Contract Terms in a Global Economy33

1.3.1. The Internationalisation of Business（1871—1914）33

1.3.2. Adjustment of Contract Bases to Economic Internationalisation35

2 The Earthquake Clause in Fire Insurance Contracts:The Development of a Standard（1906—1907）45

2.1. The Aftermath of an Earthquake45

2.1.1. A Paradise for Fire Insurers45

2.1.2. ‘San Francisco is gone’48

2.1.3. The Worldwide Aftershocks in the Insurance Business50

2.1.4. The Beginning of Damage Settlements54

2.1.5. Points of Conflict in Material Law56

2.1.6. Attempts to Reach Out-of-Court Settlements64

2.1.7. Court Cases and Settlements77

2.1.8. The Earthquake Balance Sheet: The View from the International Insurance Business93

2.2. The Reactions of the Insurance Industry96

2.2.1. The San Francisco Disaster: Difference in the Perception of the Events97

2.2.2. Danger or Risk? Differences in the Perception of the Possible98

2.2.3. San Francisco, Valparaiso, Kingston: The Global Dimension105

2.2.4. Radical Thought Experiments109

2.2.5. The Initial Consequences in the Crisis Regions113

2.2.6. Additional Premiums or an Earthquake Clause?114

2.3. The Motors of an International Standardisation of the Earthquake Clause118

2.3.1. The Project of the Four Reinsurers119

2.3.2. Opposition in England and the United States133

2.3.3. Adherence to the Concept of the Earthquake Clause144

2.4. A New Standard for the World: Results of the Second Part149

3 The Earthquake Clause in Fire Insurance Contracts:The Limits of International Standardisation （1907—1912）151

3.1. The Introduction of Unitary Earthquake Clauses152

3.1.1. Basic Features of National Developments152

3.1.2. Germany: A Broad Consensus on the Earthquake Question163

3.1.3. Preliminary Results203

3.2. Rejection of the Earthquake Clause and its Alternatives204

3.2.1. The Outlines of National Developments204

3.2.2. California: Standard Policies as the Threshold for International Standardisation?211

3.2.3. Preliminary Results240

3.3. No Consensus on the Earthquake Clause241

3.3.1. Character of National Developments242

3.3.2. Italy: Discourse Control instead of Clause Reform248

3.4. The Reasons for Success and Failure: Results of the Third Part285

4 Summary:Paradigmatic Changes in the Law289

4.1. New Regulatory Requirements289

4.2. New Structures of the Formation of Norms291

4.2.1. Scope, Conditions and Limits of the Standard Form Practice292

4.2.2. Standardisation of the Contractual Bases as a Novel Organisational Strategy295

4.3. Tendencies in the Replacement of State Law298

4.3.1. Development of Law between Autonomy and the State’s Claim to Regulation299

4.3.2. The Genesis of a Transnational Legal System?302

Appendices309

Table of Companies Involved in the Compensation of Damages Occurred in San Francisco309

Table of Companies Involved in the Compensation of Damages Occurred in Valparaiso322

Bibliography325

Index347

Table 1. Share of the continents in world foreign trade.Kenwood and Lougheed 1992,79 et seq35

Table 2. Share of the global export trade （gross national product）.Krugman,‘Growing World Trade: Causes and Consequences’,Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 1 （1995）,327 et seq35

Table 3. International Standardisation through International Law.Knipping 1996,148 et seq36

Table 4. International Standardisation of Contract Terms and Conditions （Selected Examples）39

Table 5. Development of the price of shares of English insurers on the London stock exchange.The Times,cited in OVZ 190652

Table 6. The Trustees of the Policyholders’ League.‘The Policyholders’ League’,The Adjuster 33,August 1906,64 et seq75

Table 7. Method of Payment Adopted by 77 Fire Insurance Companies in Settling the San Francisco damages.Whitney 190695

Table 8. Earthquake Statistics （1856—1906） by Montessus de Ballore.［Note］ in La Semaine,23 December 1906,8…………lotTable 9. Examples of Earthquake Regulations sent to the Schweizerische Riickversicherungs-Gesellschaft（‘Swiss Reinsurance Company’）.Source see footnote 491124

Table 10. Direct Contacts between the Earthquake Commission and the Fire Insurance Companies.Source see footnote 498125

Table 11. The Country Table of the Earthquake Commission.Overview of the Cologne Reinsurance Company（February 1907,SR/FA A9.0-32/loose material,doc.3.）131

Table 12. State of the Clause Reform in Spain （November/December 1907）.Source see footnotes 29,3o and 31156

Table 13. Fire Insurance Companies Active in Portugal（December 1907）.7 December 1907 SR to Tagus,SR/FA,77157

Table 14. Members of the interim commission for the creation of a standard policy.Coogan in Proceedings of the annual meeting of the Fire Underwriters’ Association of the Pacific 1910,129237